In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. The author-date style is more common in the physical, natural, and social sciences. This system is very flexible and can easily accommodate a wide variety of sources. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes.

The notes and bibliography style is popular in the humanities-including literature, history, and the arts.

If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. These two systems are also sometimes referred to as Chicago-style citations, because they are the same as the ones presented in The Chicago Manual of Style. Source citations in the Turabian manual come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography (or simply notes) and (2) author-date.

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